Jupiter’s inhomogeneous envelope

Context. While Jupiter’s massive gas envelope consists mainly of hydrogen and helium, the key to understanding formation evolution lies in distribution remaining (heavy) elements. Before Juno mission, lack high-precision gravity harmonics precluded use statistical analyses a robust determination heavy-element envelope. Aims. In this paper, we assemble most comprehensive diverse collection Jupiter interior models date it study heavy elements planet’s Methods. We apply Bayesian approach our model calculations, reproducing gravitational atmospheric measurements constraints from deep zonal flows. Results. Our results show that lead entropy corresponding 1 bar temperature is 515 K higher than traditionally assumed. also find uncertainties equation state are crucial when determining amount interior. put an upper limit inner compact core 7 M Earth , independently structure (with or without dilute core) considered. Furthermore, robustly demonstrate inhomogeneous, with enrichment relative outer This implies continued through accretion phase, important implications for giant planets Solar System beyond.